Introduction

An important part of managing server configuration and infrastructure includes maintaining an easy way to look up network interfaces and IP addresses by name, by setting up a proper Domain Name System (DNS). Using fully qualified domain names (FQDNs), instead of IP addresses, to specify network addresses eases the configuration of services and applications, and increases the maintainability of configuration files. Setting up your own DNS for your private network is a great way to improve the management of your servers.

In this tutorial, we will go over how to set up an internal DNS server, using the BIND name server software (BIND9) on Ubuntu 18.04, that can be used by your servers to resolve private hostnames and private IP addresses. This provides a central way to manage your internal hostnames and private IP addresses, which is indispensable when your environment expands to more than a few hosts.

The CentOS version of this tutorial can be found here.

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need the following infrastructure. Create each server in the same datacenter with private networking enabled:

• A fresh Ubuntu 18.04 server to serve as the Primary DNS server, ns1
• (Recommended) A second Ubuntu 18.04 server to serve as a Secondary DNS server, ns2
• Additional servers in the same datacenter that will be using your DNS servers

On each of these servers, configure administrative access via a sudo user and a firewall by following our Ubuntu 18.04 initial server setup guide.

If you are unfamiliar with DNS concepts, it is recommended that you read at least the first three parts of our Introduction to Managing DNS.

Example Infrastructure and Goals

For the purposes of this article, we will assume the following:

• We have two servers which will be designated as our DNS name servers. We will refer to these as ns1 and ns2 in this guide.
• We have two additional client servers that will be using the DNS infrastructure we create. We will call these host1 and host2 in this guide. You can add as many as you'd like for your infrastructure.
• All of these servers exist in the same datacenter. We will assume that this is the nyc3 datacenter.
• All of these servers have private networking enabled (and are on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet. You will likely have to adjust this for your servers).
• All servers are connected to a project that runs on "example.com". Since our DNS system will be entirely internal and private, you do not have to purchase a domain name. However, using a domain you own may help avoid conflicts with publicly routable domains.

With these assumptions, we decide that it makes sense to use a naming scheme that uses "nyc3.example.com" to refer to our private subnet or zone. Therefore, host1's private Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) will be host1.nyc3.example.com. Refer to the following table the relevant details:

Host	Role	Private FQDN	Private IP Address
ns1	Primary DNS Server	ns1.nyc3.example.com	10.128.10.11
ns2	Secondary DNS Server	ns2.nyc3.example.com	10.128.20.12
host1	Generic Host 1	host1.nyc3.example.com	10.128.100.101
host2	Generic Host 2	host2.nyc3.example.com	10.128.200.102

Your existing setup will be different, but the example names and IP addresses will be used to demonstrate how to configure a DNS server to provide a functioning internal DNS. You should be able to easily adapt this setup to your own environment by replacing the host names and private IP addresses with your own. It is not necessary to use the region name of the datacenter in your naming scheme, but we use it here to denote that these hosts belong to a particular datacenter's private network. If you utilize multiple datacenters, you can set up an internal DNS within each respective datacenter.

By the end of this tutorial, we will have a primary DNS server, ns1, and optionally a secondary DNS server, ns2, which will serve as a backup.

Let's get started by installing our Primary DNS server, ns1.

Installing BIND on DNS Servers

Text that is highlighted in red is important! It will often be used to denote something that needs to be replaced with your own settings or that it should be modified or added to a configuration file. For example, if you see something like host1.nyc3.example.com, replace it with the FQDN of your own server. Likewise, if you see host1_private_IP, replace it with the private IP address of your own server.

On both DNS servers, ns1 and ns2, update the apt package cache by typing:

sudo apt-get update

Now install BIND:

sudo apt-get install bind9 bind9utils bind9-doc

Setting Bind to IPv4 Mode

Before continuing, let's set BIND to IPv4 mode since our private networking uses IPv4 exclusively. On both servers, edit the bind9 default settings file by typing:

sudo nano /etc/default/bind9

Add "-4" to the end of the OPTIONS parameter. It should look like the following:

. . .
OPTIONS="-u bind -4"

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Restart BIND to implement the changes:

sudo systemctl restart bind9

Now that BIND is installed, let's configure the primary DNS server.

Configuring the Primary DNS Server

BIND's configuration consists of multiple files, which are included from the main configuration file, named.conf. These filenames begin with named because that is the name of the process that BIND runs (short for "domain name daemon"). We will start with configuring the options file.

Configuring the Options File

On ns1, open the named.conf.options file for editing:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options

Above the existing options block, create a new ACL (access control list) block called "trusted". This is where we will define a list of clients that we will allow recursive DNS queries from (i.e. your servers that are in the same datacenter as ns1). Using our example private IP addresses, we will add ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 to our list of trusted clients:

acl "trusted" {
        10.128.10.11;    # ns1 - can be set to localhost
        10.128.20.12;    # ns2
        10.128.100.101;  # host1
        10.128.200.102;  # host2
};

options {

        . . .

Now that we have our list of trusted DNS clients, we will want to edit the options block. Currently, the start of the block looks like the following:

        . . .
};

options {
        directory "/var/cache/bind";
        . . .
}

Below the directory directive, add the highlighted configuration lines (and substitute in the proper ns1 IP address) so it looks something like this:

        . . .

};

options {
        directory "/var/cache/bind";

        recursion yes;                 # enables resursive queries
        allow-recursion { trusted; };  # allows recursive queries from "trusted" clients
        listen-on { 10.128.10.11; };   # ns1 private IP address - listen on private network only
        allow-transfer { none; };      # disable zone transfers by default

        forwarders {
                8.8.8.8;
                8.8.4.4;
        };

        . . .
};

When you are finished, save and close the named.conf.options file. The above configuration specifies that only your own servers (the "trusted" ones) will be able to query your DNS server for outside domains.

Next, we will configure the local file, to specify our DNS zones.

Configuring the Local File

On ns1, open the named.conf.local file for editing:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local

Aside from a few comments, the file should be empty. Here, we will specify our forward and reverse zones. DNS zones designate a specific scope for managing and defining DNS records. Since our domains will all be within the "nyc3.example.com" subdomain, we will use that as our forward zone. Because our servers' private IP addresses are each in the 10.128.0.0/16 IP space, we will set up a reverse zone so that we can define reverse lookups within that range.

Add the forward zone with the following lines, substituting the zone name with your own and the secondary DNS server's private IP address in the allow-transfer directive:

zone "nyc3.example.com" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com"; # zone file path
    allow-transfer { 10.128.20.12; };           # ns2 private IP address - secondary
};

Assuming that our private subnet is 10.128.0.0/16, add the reverse zone by with the following lines (note that our reverse zone name starts with "128.10" which is the octet reversal of "10.128"):

    . . .
};

zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/zones/db.10.128";  # 10.128.0.0/16 subnet
    allow-transfer { 10.128.20.12; };  # ns2 private IP address - secondary
};

If your servers span multiple private subnets but are in the same datacenter, be sure to specify an additional zone and zone file for each distinct subnet. When you are finished adding all of your desired zones, save and exit the named.conf.local file.

Now that our zones are specified in BIND, we need to create the corresponding forward and reverse zone files.

Creating the Forward Zone File

The forward zone file is where we define DNS records for forward DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a name query, "host1.nyc3.example.com" for example, it will look in the forward zone file to resolve host1's corresponding private IP address.

Let's create the directory where our zone files will reside. According to our named.conf.local configuration, that location should be /etc/bind/zones:

sudo mkdir /etc/bind/zones

We will base our forward zone file on the sample db.local zone file. Copy it to the proper location with the following commands:

sudo cp /etc/bind/db.local /etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com

Now let's edit our forward zone file:

sudo nano /etc/bind/zones/db.nyc3.example.com

Initially, it will look something like the following:

$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     localhost. root.localhost. (
                              2         ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@       IN      NS      localhost.      ; delete this line
@       IN      A       127.0.0.1       ; delete this line
@       IN      AAAA    ::1             ; delete this line

First, you will want to edit the SOA record. Replace the first "localhost" with ns1's FQDN, then replace "root.localhost" with "admin.nyc3.example.com". Every time you edit a zone file, you need to increment the serial value before you restart the named process. We will increment it to "3". It should now look something like this:

@       IN      SOA     ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                              3         ; Serial

                              . . .

Next, delete the three records at the end of the file (after the SOA record). If you're not sure which lines to delete, they are marked with a "delete this line" comment above.

At the end of the file, add your name server records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are "NS" records:

. . .

; name servers - NS records
    IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
    IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

Now, add the A records for your hosts that belong in this zone. This includes any server whose name we want to end with ".nyc3.example.com" (substitute the names and private IP addresses). Using our example names and private IP addresses, we will add A records for ns1, ns2, host1, and host2 like so:

. . .

; name servers - A records
ns1.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.10.11
ns2.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.20.12

; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
host1.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.100.101
host2.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.200.102

Save and close the db.nyc3.example.com file.

Our final example forward zone file looks like the following:

$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                  3     ; Serial
             604800     ; Refresh
              86400     ; Retry
            2419200     ; Expire
             604800 )   ; Negative Cache TTL
;
; name servers - NS records
     IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
     IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

; name servers - A records
ns1.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.10.11
ns2.nyc3.example.com.          IN      A       10.128.20.12

; 10.128.0.0/16 - A records
host1.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.100.101
host2.nyc3.example.com.        IN      A      10.128.200.102

Now let's move onto the reverse zone file(s).

Creating the Reverse Zone File(s)

Reverse zone files are where we define DNS PTR records for reverse DNS lookups. That is, when the DNS receives a query by IP address, "10.128.100.101" for example, it will look in the reverse zone file(s) to resolve the corresponding FQDN, "host1.nyc3.example.com" in this case.

On ns1, for each reverse zone specified in the named.conf.local file, create a reverse zone file. We will base our reverse zone file(s) on the sample db.127 zone file. Copy it to the proper location with the following commands (substituting the destination filename so it matches your reverse zone definition):

sudo cp /etc/bind/db.127 /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128

Edit the reverse zone file that corresponds to the reverse zone(s) defined in named.conf.local:

sudo nano /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128

Initially, it will look something like the following:

$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     localhost. root.localhost. (
                              1         ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@       IN      NS      localhost.      ; delete this line
1.0.0   IN      PTR     localhost.      ; delete this line

In the same manner as the forward zone file, you will want to edit the SOA record and increment the serial value. It should look something like this:

@       IN      SOA     ns1.nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                              3         ; Serial

                              . . .

Now delete the two records at the end of the file (after the SOA record). If you're not sure which lines to delete, they are marked with a "delete this line" comment above.

At the end of the file, add your name server records with the following lines (replace the names with your own). Note that the second column specifies that these are "NS" records:

. . .

; name servers - NS records
      IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
      IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

Then add PTR records for all of your servers whose IP addresses are on the subnet of the zone file that you are editing. In our example, this includes all of our hosts because they are all on the 10.128.0.0/16 subnet. Note that the first column consists of the last two octets of your servers' private IP addresses in reversed order. Be sure to substitute names and private IP addresses to match your servers:

. . .

; PTR Records
11.10   IN      PTR     ns1.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.10.11
12.20   IN      PTR     ns2.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.20.12
101.100 IN      PTR     host1.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.100.101
102.200 IN      PTR     host2.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.200.102

Save and close the reverse zone file (repeat this section if you need to add more reverse zone files).

Our final example reverse zone file looks like the following:

$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     nyc3.example.com. admin.nyc3.example.com. (
                              3         ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL
; name servers
      IN      NS      ns1.nyc3.example.com.
      IN      NS      ns2.nyc3.example.com.

; PTR Records
11.10   IN      PTR     ns1.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.10.11
12.20   IN      PTR     ns2.nyc3.example.com.    ; 10.128.20.12
101.100 IN      PTR     host1.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.100.101
102.200 IN      PTR     host2.nyc3.example.com.  ; 10.128.200.102

We're done editing our files, so next we can check our files for errors.

Checking the BIND Configuration Syntax

Run the following command to check the syntax of the named.conf* files:

sudo named-checkconf

If your named configuration files have no syntax errors, you will return to your shell prompt and see no error messages. If there are problems with your configuration files, review the error message and the "Configure Primary DNS Server" section, then try named-checkconf again.

The named-checkzone command can be used to check the correctness of your zone files. Its first argument specifies a zone name, and the second argument specifies the corresponding zone file, which are both defined in named.conf.local.

For example, to check the "nyc3.example.com" forward zone configuration, run the following command (change the names to match your forward zone and file):

sudo named-checkzone nyc3.example.com db.nyc3.example.com

And to check the "128.10.in-addr.arpa" reverse zone configuration, run the following command (change the numbers to match your reverse zone and file):

sudo named-checkzone 128.10.in-addr.arpa /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128

When all of your configuration and zone files have no errors in them, you should be ready to restart the BIND service.

Restarting BIND

Restart BIND:

sudo systemctl restart bind9

If you have the UFW firewall configured, open up access to BIND by typing:

sudo ufw allow Bind9

Your primary DNS server is now setup and ready to respond to DNS queries. Let's move on to creating the secondary DNS server.

Configuring the Secondary DNS Server

In most environments, it is a good idea to set up a secondary DNS server that will respond to requests if the primary becomes unavailable. Luckily, the secondary DNS server is much easier to configure.

On ns2, edit the named.conf.options file:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options

At the top of the file, add the ACL with the private IP addresses of all of your trusted servers:

acl "trusted" {
        10.128.10.11;   # ns1
        10.128.20.12;   # ns2 - can be set to localhost
        10.128.100.101;  # host1
        10.128.200.102;  # host2
};

options {

        . . .

Below the directory directive, add the following lines:

        recursion yes;
        allow-recursion { trusted; };
        listen-on { 10.128.20.12; };      # ns2 private IP address
        allow-transfer { none; };          # disable zone transfers by default

        forwarders {
                8.8.8.8;
                8.8.4.4;
        };

Save and close the named.conf.options file. This file should look exactly like ns1's named.conf.options file except it should be configured to listen on ns2's private IP address.

Now edit the named.conf.local file:

sudo nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local

Define slave zones that correspond to the master zones on the primary DNS server. Note that the type is "slave", the file does not contain a path, and there is a masters directive which should be set to the primary DNS server's private IP address. If you defined multiple reverse zones in the primary DNS server, make sure to add them all here:

zone "nyc3.example.com" {
    type slave;
    file "db.nyc3.example.com";
    masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
};

zone "128.10.in-addr.arpa" {
    type slave;
    file "db.10.128";
    masters { 10.128.10.11; };  # ns1 private IP
};

Now save and close the named.conf.local file.

Run the following command to check the validity of your configuration files:

sudo named-checkconf

Once that checks out, restart BIND:

sudo systemctl restart bind9

Allow DNS connections to the server by altering the UFW firewall rules:

sudo ufw allow Bind9

Now you have primary and secondary DNS servers for private network name and IP address resolution. Now you must configure your client servers to use your private DNS servers.

Configuring DNS Clients

Before all of your servers in the "trusted" ACL can query your DNS servers, you must configure each of them to use ns1 and ns2 as name servers. This process varies depending on OS, but for most Linux distributions it involves adding your name servers to the /etc/resolv.conf file.

Ubuntu 18.04 Clients

On Ubuntu 18.04, networking is configured with Netplan, an abstraction that allows you to write standardized network configuration and apply it to incompatible backend networking software. To configure DNS, we need to write a Netplan configuration file.

First, find the device associated with your private network by querying the private subnet with the ip address command:

ip address show to 10.128.0.0/16

Output
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    inet 10.128.100.101/16 brd 10.128.255.255 scope global eth1
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

In this example, the private interface is eth1.

Next, create a new file in /etc/netplan called 00-private-nameservers.yaml:

sudo nano /etc/netplan/00-private-nameservers.yaml

Inside, paste the following contents. You will need to modify the interface of the private network, the addresses of your ns1 and ns2 DNS servers, and the DNS zone:

Note: Netplan uses the YAML data serialization format for its configuration files. Because YAML uses indentation and whitespace to define its data structure, make sure that your definition uses consistent indentation to avoid errors.

network:
    version: 2
    ethernets:
        eth1:                                 # Private network interface
            nameservers:
                addresses:
                - 10.128.10.11                # Private IP for ns1
                - 10.132.20.12                # Private IP for ns2
                search: [ nyc3.example.com ]  # DNS zone

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Next, tell Netplan to attempt to use the new configuration file by using netplan try. If there are problems that cause a loss of networking, Netplan will automatically roll back the changes after a timeout:

sudo netplan try

Output
Warning: Stopping systemd-networkd.service, but it can still be activated by:
  systemd-networkd.socket
Do you want to keep these settings?


Press ENTER before the timeout to accept the new configuration


Changes will revert in 120 seconds

If the countdown is updating correctly at the bottom, the new configuration is at least functional enough to not break your SSH connection. Press ENTER to accept the new configuration.

Now, check that the system's DNS resolver to determine if your DNS configuration has been applied:

sudo systemd-resolve --status

Scroll down until you see the section for your private network interface. You should see the private IP addresses for your DNS servers listed first, followed by some fallback values. Your domain should should be in the "DNS Domain":

Output
. . .
Link 3 (eth1)
      Current Scopes: DNS
       LLMNR setting: yes
MulticastDNS setting: no
      DNSSEC setting: no
    DNSSEC supported: no
         DNS Servers: 10.128.10.11
                      10.128.20.12
                      67.207.67.2
                      67.207.67.3
          DNS Domain: nyc3.example.com
. . .

Your client should now be configured to use your internal DNS servers.

Ubuntu 16.04 and Debian Clients

On Ubuntu 16.04 and Debian Linux servers, you can edit the /etc/network/interfaces file:

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

Inside, find the dns-nameservers line, and prepend your own name servers in front of the list that is currently there. Below that line, add a dns-search option pointed to the base domain of your infrastructure. In our case, this would be "nyc3.example.com":

    . . .

    dns-nameservers 10.128.10.11 10.128.20.12 8.8.8.8
    dns-search nyc3.example.com

    . . .

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Now, restart your networking services, applying the new changes with the following commands. Make sure you replace eth0 with the name of your networking interface:

sudo ifdown --force eth0 && sudo ip addr flush dev eth0 && sudo ifup --force eth0

This should restart your network without dropping your current connection. If it worked correctly, you should see something like this:

Output
RTNETLINK answers: No such process
Waiting for DAD... Done

Double check that your settings were applied by typing:

cat /etc/resolv.conf

You should see your name servers in the /etc/resolv.conf file, as well as your search domain:

Output
# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
#     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 10.128.10.11
nameserver 10.128.20.12
nameserver 8.8.8.8
search nyc3.example.com

Your client is now configured to use your DNS servers.

CentOS Clients

On CentOS, RedHat, and Fedora Linux, edit the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 file. You may have to substitute eth0 with the name of your primary network interface:

sudo nano /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

Search for the DNS1 and DNS2 options and set them to the private IP addresses of your primary and secondary name servers. Add a DOMAIN parameter that with your infrastructure's base domain. In this guide, that would be "nyc3.example.com":

. . .
DNS1=10.128.10.11
DNS2=10.128.20.12
DOMAIN='nyc3.example.com'
. . .

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Now, restart the networking service by typing:

sudo systemctl restart network

The command may hang for a few seconds, but should return you to the prompt shortly.

Check that your changes were applied by typing:

cat /etc/resolv.conf

You should see your name servers and search domain in the list:

nameserver 10.128.10.11
nameserver 10.128.20.12
search nyc3.example.com

Your client should now be able to connect to and use your DNS servers.

Testing Clients

Use nslookup to test if your clients can query your name servers. You should be able to do this on all of the clients that you have configured and are in the "trusted" ACL.

For CentOS clients, you may need to install the utility with:

sudo yum install bind-utils

We can start by performing a forward lookup.

Forward Lookup

For example, we can perform a forward lookup to retrieve the IP address of host1.nyc3.example.com by running the following command:

nslookup host1

Querying "host1" expands to "host1.nyc3.example.com because of the search option is set to your private subdomain, and DNS queries will attempt to look on that subdomain before looking for the host elsewhere. The output of the command above would look like the following:

Output
Server:     127.0.0.53
Address:    127.0.0.53#53

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:   host1.nyc3.example.com
Address: 10.128.100.101

Next, we can check reverse lookups.

Reverse Lookup

To test the reverse lookup, query the DNS server with host1's private IP address:

nslookup 10.128.100.101

You should see output that looks like the following:

Output
11.10.128.10.in-addr.arpa   name = host1.nyc3.example.com.

Authoritative answers can be found from:

If all of the names and IP addresses resolve to the correct values, that means that your zone files are configured properly. If you receive unexpected values, be sure to review the zone files on your primary DNS server (e.g. db.nyc3.example.com and db.10.128).

Congratulations! Your internal DNS servers are now set up properly! Now we will cover maintaining your zone records.

Maintaining DNS Records

Now that you have a working internal DNS, you need to maintain your DNS records so they accurately reflect your server environment.

Adding a Host to DNS

Whenever you add a host to your environment (in the same datacenter), you will want to add it to DNS. Here is a list of steps that you need to take:

Primary Name Server

• Forward zone file: Add an "A" record for the new host, increment the value of "Serial"
• Reverse zone file: Add a "PTR" record for the new host, increment the value of "Serial"
• Add your new host's private IP address to the "trusted" ACL (named.conf.options)

Test your configuration files:

sudo named-checkconf
sudo named-checkzone nyc3.example.com db.nyc3.example.com
sudo named-checkzone 128.10.in-addr.arpa /etc/bind/zones/db.10.128

Then reload BIND:

sudo systemctl reload bind9

Your primary server should be configured for the new host now.

Secondary Name Server

• Add your new host's private IP address to the "trusted" ACL (named.conf.options)

Check the configuration syntax:

sudo named-checkconf

Then reload BIND:

sudo systemctl reload bind9

Your secondary server will now accept connections from the new host.

Configure New Host to Use Your DNS

• Configure /etc/resolv.conf to use your DNS servers
• Test using nslookup

Removing Host from DNS

If you remove a host from your environment or want to just take it out of DNS, just remove all the things that were added when you added the server to DNS (i.e. the reverse of the steps above).

Conclusion

Now you may refer to your servers' private network interfaces by name, rather than by IP address. This makes configuration of services and applications easier because you no longer have to remember the private IP addresses, and the files will be easier to read and understand. Also, now you can change your configurations to point to a new servers in a single place, your primary DNS server, instead of having to edit a variety of distributed configuration files, which eases maintenance.

Once you have your internal DNS set up, and your configuration files are using private FQDNs to specify network connections, it is critical that your DNS servers are properly maintained. If they both become unavailable, your services and applications that rely on them will cease to function properly. This is why it is recommended to set up your DNS with at least one secondary server, and to maintain working backups of all of them.