Introduction

Hadoop is a Java-based programming framework that supports the processing and storage of extremely large datasets on a cluster of inexpensive machines. It was the first major open source project in the big data playing field and is sponsored by the Apache Software Foundation.

Hadoop is comprised of four main layers:

• Hadoop Common is the collection of utilities and libraries that support other Hadoop modules.
• HDFS, which stands for Hadoop Distributed File System, is responsible for persisting data to disk.
• YARN, short for Yet Another Resource Negotiator, is the "operating system" for HDFS.
• MapReduce is the original processing model for Hadoop clusters. It distributes work within the cluster or map, then organizes and reduces the results from the nodes into a response to a query. Many other processing models are available for the 3.x version of Hadoop.

Hadoop clusters are relatively complex to set up, so the project includes a stand-alone mode which is suitable for learning about Hadoop, performing simple operations, and debugging.

In this tutorial, we'll install Hadoop in stand-alone mode and run one of the example example MapReduce programs it includes to verify the installation.

Prerequisites

To follow this tutorial, you will need:

• An Ubuntu 18.04 server with a non-root user with sudo privileges: You can learn more about how to set up a user with these privileges in our Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 18.04 guide.

Once you've completed this prerequisite, you're ready to install Hadoop and its dependencies.

Before you begin, you might also like to take a look at An Introduction to Big Data Concepts and Terminology or An Introduction to Hadoop

Step 1 — Installing Java

To get started, we'll update our package list:

sudo apt update

Next, we'll install OpenJDK, the default Java Development Kit on Ubuntu 18.04:

sudo apt install default-jdk

Once the installation is complete, let's check the version.

java -version

Output
openjdk 10.0.1 2018-04-17
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 10.0.1+10-Ubuntu-3ubuntu1)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 10.0.1+10-Ubuntu-3ubuntu1, mixed mode)

This output verifies that OpenJDK has been successfully installed.

Step 2 — Installing Hadoop

With Java in place, we'll visit the Apache Hadoop Releases page to find the most recent stable release.

Navigate to binary for the release you’d like to install. In this guide, we’ll install Hadoop 3.0.3.

On the next page, right-click and copy the link to the release binary.

On the server, we'll use wget to fetch it:

wget http://www-us.apache.org/dist/hadoop/common/hadoop-3.0.3/hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz

Note: The Apache website will direct you to the best mirror dynamically, so your URL may not match the URL above.

In order to make sure that the file we downloaded hasn't been altered, we'll do a quick check using SHA-256. Return to the releases page, then right-click and copy the link to the checksum file for the release binary you downloaded:

Again, we'll use wget on our server to download the file:

wget https://dist.apache.org/repos/dist/release/hadoop/common/hadoop-3.0.3/hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz.mds

Then run the verification:

shasum -a 256 hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz

Output
db96e2c0d0d5352d8984892dfac4e27c0e682d98a497b7e04ee97c3e2019277a  hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz

Compare this value with the SHA-256 value in the .mds file:

cat hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz.mds

...
/build/source/target/artifacts/hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz:
SHA256 = DB96E2C0 D0D5352D 8984892D FAC4E27C 0E682D98 A497B7E0 4EE97C3E 2019277A
...

You can safely ignore the difference in case and the spaces. The output of the command we ran against the file we downloaded from the mirror should match the value in the file we downloaded from apache.org.

Now that we've verified that the file wasn't corrupted or changed, we'll use the tar command with the -x flag to extract, -z to uncompress, -v for verbose output, and -f to specify that we're extracting from a file. Use tab-completion or substitute the correct version number in the command below:

tar -xzvf hadoop-3.0.3.tar.gz

Finally, we'll move the extracted files into /usr/local, the appropriate place for locally installed software. Change the version number, if needed, to match the version you downloaded.

sudo mv hadoop-3.0.3 /usr/local/hadoop

With the software in place, we're ready to configure its environment.

Step 3 — Configuring Hadoop's Java Home

Hadoop requires that you set the path to Java, either as an environment variable or in the Hadoop configuration file.

The path to Java, /usr/bin/java is a symlink to /etc/alternatives/java, which is in turn a symlink to default Java binary. We will use readlink with the -f flag to follow every symlink in every part of the path, recursively. Then, we'll use sed to trim bin/java from the output to give us the correct value for JAVA_HOME.

To find the default Java path

readlink -f /usr/bin/java | sed "s:bin/java::"

Output
/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/

You can copy this output to set Hadoop's Java home to this specific version, which ensures that if the default Java changes, this value will not. Alternatively, you can use the readlink command dynamically in the file so that Hadoop will automatically use whatever Java version is set as the system default.

To begin, open hadoop-env.sh:

sudo nano /usr/local/hadoop/etc/hadoop/hadoop-env.sh

Then, choose one of the following options:

Option 1: Set a Static Value

 . . .
#export JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/
 . . . 

Option 2: Use Readlink to Set the Value Dynamically

 . . .
#export JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}
export JAVA_HOME=$(readlink -f /usr/bin/java | sed "s:bin/java::")
 . . . 

Note: With respect to Hadoop, the value of JAVA_HOME in hadoop-env.sh overrides any values that are set in the environment by /etc/profile or in a user's profile.

Step 4 — Running Hadoop

Now we should be able to run Hadoop:

/usr/local/hadoop/bin/hadoop

Output
Usage: hadoop [OPTIONS] SUBCOMMAND [SUBCOMMAND OPTIONS]
 or    hadoop [OPTIONS] CLASSNAME [CLASSNAME OPTIONS]
  where CLASSNAME is a user-provided Java class

  OPTIONS is none or any of:

--config dir                     Hadoop config directory
--debug                          turn on shell script debug mode
--help                           usage information
buildpaths                       attempt to add class files from build tree
hostnames list[,of,host,names]   hosts to use in slave mode
hosts filename                   list of hosts to use in slave mode
loglevel level                   set the log4j level for this command
workers                          turn on worker mode

  SUBCOMMAND is one of:
. . .

The help means we've successfully configured Hadoop to run in stand-alone mode. We'll ensure that it is functioning properly by running the example MapReduce program it ships with. To do so, create a directory called input in our home directory and copy Hadoop's configuration files into it to use those files as our data.

mkdir ~/input
cp /usr/local/hadoop/etc/hadoop/*.xml ~/input

Next, we can use the following command to run the MapReduce hadoop-mapreduce-examples program, a Java archive with several options. We'll invoke its grep program, one of the many examples included in hadoop-mapreduce-examples, followed by the input directory, input and the output directory grep_example. The MapReduce grep program will count the matches of a literal word or regular expression. Finally, we'll supply the regular expression allowed[.]* to find occurrences of the word allowed within or at the end of a declarative sentence. The expression is case-sensitive, so we wouldn't find the word if it were capitalized at the beginning of a sentence:

/usr/local/hadoop/bin/hadoop jar /usr/local/hadoop/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-3.0.3.jar grep ~/input ~/grep_example 'allowed[.]*'

When the task completes, it provides a summary of what has been processed and errors it has encountered, but this doesn't contain the actual results.

Output
 . . .
        File System Counters
        FILE: Number of bytes read=1330690
        FILE: Number of bytes written=3128841
        FILE: Number of read operations=0
        FILE: Number of large read operations=0
        FILE: Number of write operations=0
    Map-Reduce Framework
        Map input records=2
        Map output records=2
        Map output bytes=33
        Map output materialized bytes=43
        Input split bytes=115
        Combine input records=0
        Combine output records=0
        Reduce input groups=2
        Reduce shuffle bytes=43
        Reduce input records=2
        Reduce output records=2
        Spilled Records=4
        Shuffled Maps =1
        Failed Shuffles=0
        Merged Map outputs=1
        GC time elapsed (ms)=3
        Total committed heap usage (bytes)=478150656
    Shuffle Errors
        BAD_ID=0
        CONNECTION=0
        IO_ERROR=0
        WRONG_LENGTH=0
        WRONG_MAP=0
        WRONG_REDUCE=0
    File Input Format Counters
        Bytes Read=147
    File Output Format Counters
        Bytes Written=34

Output
 . . .
    at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:564)
    at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.run(RunJar.java:244)
    at org.apache.hadoop.util.RunJar.main(RunJar.java:158)

Results are stored in the output directory and can be checked by running cat on the output directory:

cat ~/grep_example/*

Output
19  allowed.
1   allowed

The MapReduce task found 19 occurrences of the word allowed followed by a period and one occurrence where it was not. Running the example program has verified that our stand-alone installation is working properly and that non-privileged users on the system can run Hadoop for exploration or debugging.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we've installed Hadoop in stand-alone mode and verified it by running an example program it provided. To learn how to write your own MapReduce programs, you might want to visit Apache Hadoop's MapReduce tutorial which walks through the code behind the example. When you're ready to set up a cluster, see the Apache Foundation Hadoop Cluster Setup guide.